This subject aims to provide an updated background on the genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms of a group of chronic diseases and aging processes, as well as some rare diseases.This subject target the clinical impact of these diseases, including clinical research, clinical trials, research for new biomarkers, along other approaches. There is a particular focus on the mechanisms underlying these diseases, such as the molecular, biochemical, biophysic and cellular mechanisms. Additionally, the clinical needs will also be approached, namely: more efficient and cost-effective therapies, novel methods of diagnosis or health care accessibility.